The Definition Of Modern Day Feminism - 1116 Words

Megan Thompson Ms. Butters AP Language 13 November 2014 The Definition of Modern Day Feminism â€Å"Feminist: a person who believes in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes.† This is what Beyonce, one of the most famous and influential Women of Color in the past decade, claims in her 2014 VMA performance, with a large, shining backdrop of the word ‘feminist’ behind her. This quickly became one of the most direct and most widely-known displays of her feminist beliefs, and Beyonce is far from the only celebrity who has shown the modern world that identifying with the word ‘feminist’ is no longer something to be ashamed of. The feminist movement has been evolving since the late 1800s,[1] (Rompton) and throughout these 100+ years society’s view on feminism has also evolved, for better or for worse. Where did this come from? Negative connotations and misconceptions towards the word are not at all hidden in today’s society, many unquestionably calling feminists â€Å"Man-haters†, or even â€Å"Fem-nazis.â €  So, what is feminism? Why does it have so many misconceptions? And most importantly, why is it so significant to our society to have feminism properly defined? You should answer these questions in your thesis statement. â€Å"Feminism is the radical notion that women are human beings.† ― Cheris Kramarae. Feminism, as defined by merriam-webster’s collegiate dictionary,[2] is â€Å"the theory of political, economic, and social equality of the sexes.† A ‘Feminist’ is someone whoShow MoreRelatedExplanatory And Dig Deep By Sheryl Sandberg793 Words   |  4 Pageswritten by modern day feminist and COO at Facebook, is a new age telling of the difficulties and inequalities women face in the current day corporate front office. The author, Sheryl Sandberg, uses personal anecdotes and experiences to come up with her own versions of the definition of feminism, the importance of a â€Å"life partner†, and how women are to achieve things in life. In contrast, Bell Hooks, feminist and author, responds to Sandberg’s book with an opposing view on the issues of modern feminismRead MoreFeminism And Its Impact On Women1223 Words   |  5 Pages Feminism by definition is the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities. So feminism has a dictionary definition, but when it comes to feminists and feminism there are so many different personal definitions that people and groups hold. Feminism has been around for quite a while. There is evidence of women fighting for their equality for the past twenty-four centuries. If you’re looking for an actual date you might be out of luck. What can be said from The Oxford EnglishRead MoreFeminism : A Heavy Stigma Surrounding The Word `` Feminism `` Essay1275 Words   |  6 Pagesthe word â€Å"feminism†, saying it out loud evokes emotional responses from many people. During my conversations, I received many casual responses to feminism, or rather the traditional, â€Å"I believe in equality† response. I also received some negative responses from people that did not approve with modern day feminism, or believed that we had already achieved equal ity. And finally, I received some very strong — yet positive — responses to feminism, however, these people explained that feminism itself isRead MoreModern Day Feminism : The Fight For Equal Rights1589 Words   |  7 PagesModern-day Feminism The definition of feminism states â€Å"the belief that men and woman should have equal rights and opportunities† (â€Å"feminism†). Modern feminism is no longer about equality and is in fact counterproductive to the cause. The fight for equal rights has been transformed into a fight for privilege, waged against causes insignificant in the big picture of gender equality; causes like manspreading, cat calls, air conditioning, and representation in video games. We are waging a war in aRead MoreFeminism Types and Definitions Liberal1287 Words   |  6 PagesDegrees Schools Careers | Register Search Courses Lessons Feminism Types and Definitions: Liberal, Socialist, Culture Radical / Sex and Gender in Society / Sociology 101: Intro to Sociology / Social Science / Courses Like? Feminism Types and Definitions: Liberal, Socialist, Culture Radical Video Quiz Congratulations! You ve reached the last video in the chapter. Transcript Start the Next Chapter Race and Ethnicity Definitions: Social Minority vs. Social Majority CREATE YOUR ACCOUNT Read MoreThe History of Feminism Essay750 Words   |  3 PagesThe History of Feminism The definition of feminism is very elusive. Maybe because of its ever-changing historical meaning, it’s not for certain whether there is any coherence to the term feminism or if there is a definition that will live up to the movement’s variety of adherents and ideas. In the book â€Å"No Turning Back,† author Estelle Freedman gives an accurate four-part definition of the very active movement: â€Å"Feminism is a belief that women and men are inherently part of equal worth. Because mostRead MoreA Feminist Report Of The Modern Society795 Words   |  4 PagesA Feminist Report of the Modern Society â€Å"I need feminism because we need more sexy blond female CEOs but not more female miners and other jobs in those kinds of fields. They are not glamorous enough. Women should not have to get on their knees and work hard unless they want to get backstage at a weekend concert.† Man-hating femi-nazis are plaguing the world with their rants about â€Å"misogyny† and flashing their naked bodies to men and expecting not to get objectified. This is the way the world endsRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Bell Hooks 1077 Words   |  5 Pagesthis, one of which is rhetorical devices. Bell hooks, the author of Feminism is for Everybody, writes to persuade the reader to her own cause: feminism. She uses rhetorical devices, which can be used to persuade—or dissuade—readers in comparison to the writer’s own point of view. Division is a strategy which is used to convey the meaning of a word or a phrase to the reader. Hooks uses this well, splitting her own definition of feminism into three, much simpler, phrases—for the mathematicians in the worldRead MoreFeminism : An Definition Of Feminism1281 Words   |  6 PagesWhen one hears the term â€Å"Feminism†, she/he may have the idea that it is the urge and desire to gain rights for women. While that is true, it does not describe feminism in its entirety. Many people misinterpret what this term means based on media and people who do not know better. Many people who may misinterpret feminism may describe it as a movement to make women superior to men. They may say that those who claim to be a feminist are ones who hate men and strive to assert themselves aboveRead MoreFeminism : The Word That Strikes Fear Into Everyone s Heart1278 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism: the word that strikes fear into everyone’s heart. When you think of a woman labeled a feminist, what do you picture? If you answered a man-hating lesbian, who is a hostile, cruel and Nazi-like woman’s rights activist, then you are wrong. Way wrong. Feminism, by definition, is â€Å"the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities; the theory of the political, economic and social equality of the sexes† (Watson 1). In other words, feminism is not solely about gaining equal

The Effective Concept of Lifeboat Ethics Essay - 1482 Words

Lifeboat Ethics is a metaphor for the process of wealth and resource distribution as described by ecologist Garrett Hardin. In 1974, he published an article called, â€Å"Lifeboat Ethics: The Case against Helping the Poor,† that outlines his reasons that the wealthy nations of the world should not be wholly responsible for supporting the needs of the poor. Donald Kennedy and William Clark both wrote articles in regard to the concept of lifeboat ethics and the tragedy of the commons. In the article, Hardin defines the concept he terms lifeboat ethics and defends his utilitarian approach to the problem of wealth distribution by offering interesting solutions through use of his appeal to reasoning; however, his metaphor finds fault in assuming†¦show more content†¦There are three logical solutions to this problem: admit all of the 100 to board the boat with the 50 people on it already and risk drowning from overpopulation, allow only 10 people on the boat and exclude the other 90, or to not admit anyone at all. Hardin also elaborates that if those on the boat choose to give up their place for one in the water, â€Å"The net result of conscience-stricken people giving up their unjustly held seats is the elimination of that sort of conscience from the lifeboat† (359). This means if those who gave up their seats to other less fortunate, there will be an absence of humanitarianism, as those who now hold the seats in the lifeboat could be extremely reluctant to give up their spot. This starts to become a slippery slope. If the rich countries keep allowing more to share in their resources, they begin to extinct themselves. At some point, there needs to be a limit in how much the rich can help the poor before the resources are completely gone. Hardin describes his views as utilitarian in manner in regards to his lifeboat ethics. Hardin researched extensively to support his utilitarian view on the situation of the rich against the poor. As is the ca se for most utilitarian proposals, the topics for lifeboat ethics are designed to be useful or practical rather than attractive. For this reason, his views are correct because of their practicality. For example, this article was published in 1974; hisShow MoreRelatedThe Harsh Reality Of Ethics1342 Words   |  6 Pages The Harsh Reality of Ethics Equality of opportunity does not exist in the world as we know it. To believe otherwise, however optimistic, is ignorant and misguided. Social equilibrium is built upon a balance of equality and inequality where harsh ethical standards must be upheld to reach maximum potential. Garrett Hardin’s essay, â€Å"Lifeboat Ethics: The Case against Helping the Poor† sets the precedent of these ethical standards to determine the nature of a society which favors the wealthy. Hardin’sRead MoreLifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping The Poor - Garrett Hardin What Should A Billionaire Give-and What Should You? - Peter Singer3380 Words   |  14 PagesLifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping The Poor - Garrett Hardin What Should A Billionaire Give-and What Should You? - Peter Singer One of the most important issues facing the world today is the issue of the poor. There are many things that can be done about this issue, however much of the world is torn between wanting to help and not knowing how to go about it. This is the issue that is presented in the two essays - Garrett Hardin’s â€Å"Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping The Poor,† andRead MoreHardin vs. Singer1925 Words   |  8 Pagesfew wealthy people would ever think about poverty. Two prominent authors were Garrett Hardin and Peter Singer, who wrote essays about human poverty. They questioned whether to confront the issue of poverty or to ignore it. The first essay is Life Ethics: the Case Against Helping the Poor from the ecologist, Hardin who served as Professor of Human Ecology, and psychology today (1974). The second essay, The Singer Solution to World Poverty, published in The New York Times Magazine is from the PhilosopherRead MoreThe Moral Foundations Of Private Law1086 Wor ds   |  5 PagesIn The Moral Foundations of Private law, Gordley seeks to find what concepts are necessary to make sense of private law. In doing so, Gordley conveys a strong conviction in explaining these concepts through the teachings and theories of Aristotle, rather than through modern constructions. Although, Gordley argues that our private law is in essences, Aristotelian, is this actually the case and if so, does it have to be? Also, what is lost or gained by not basing our private law on Aristotle’s teachingsRead MoreSample Hr Plan Essay examples6330 Words   |  26 Pagesvacation experience once reserved for the very rich, now accessible to the average person. It first set sail in 2009 with a three day cruise in the Bahamas. SCL is an American owned cruise line, based in Miami, Florida. Sarkisian was a pioneer in the concept of shorter, less expensive cruises. Sarkisian is known for its Las Vegas-style dà ©cor and entertainment, as there are a wide range of ac tivities offered on board. Mission statement Sarkisian’s mission is to deliver exceptional vacation experiences

Functional Life Skills Approach Free Essays

1. Educating children with special and/or behavioral needs effectively demands respect for individuals and for individuality. Not all persons with special needs have the same needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Functional Life Skills Approach or any similar topic only for you Order Now The students come from a variety of backgrounds, demonstrate a variety of talents, strengths, and weaknesses, and must be assessed and worked with on an individual basis. Children with special needs should also be educated alongside their average-needs counterparts, to the benefit of both. When children with average needs are exposed to children with special needs, an atmosphere of tolerance, awareness, and compassion will be more likely to permeate the school environment. Children with special needs also benefit from integration, except in exceptional circumstances when behavioral problems require some degree of separation. Finally, children with special needs require patience and long-term attention. Ideally, children with special needs will work with the same team of specialists for a long period of time. 2. The most important issues to keep in mind when implementing a Functional Life Skills Curriculum Approach include attention to individuality. While the program principles: communication, personal management, social skills, career skills, and applied academics remain stable, these core principles will need to be addressed differently for each child. Moreover, the children’s’ needs will change over time and it is important for educators to adapt and to notice when their needs or abilities are changing and adapt the curriculum accordingly. 3. Family Support is ideally integral to the educational process. However, in many cases family support is insufficient or lacking entirely. Family support offers educators a wealth of information about each child. The child’s background, his or her behaviors at home, and other crucial information can be gleaned only from parents and others who spend a lot of time with the child. The home environment might also offer educators clues as to which programs, services, or practices to offer the child. 4. Outside agencies, organizations, and the private sector have an impact on special education and on the educational process in general. School funding is often inadequate to meet the needs of exceptional students. At those times, educators need to become aware of external options and introduce those to the parents and the students. How to cite Functional Life Skills Approach, Essay examples

International Marketing Australian Education Services

Question: Discuss about theInternational Marketingfor Australian Education Services. Answer: Introduction Australian education services are currently exporting to China with the capital of worth $4 billion in 2013-14 as per the federal government (Dou, Yoo Ma, 2003). Communication going on between the government for enhancing the opportunities for Australian education service marketing is ongoing, and the demand for China for the services remain active at both the tertiary and school level with the universities. As per the various sources, Australian vision is to teach around 10 million abroad students within a present decade (Dou, Yoo Ma, 2003). The government of China holds high ambition for bringing reforms in the educational sector. It includes the intention towards developing the various world-class universities by the year 2020 and by 2050 to have the best education system to become best in the world. Along with this, Australian education service is planning to send students to China, due to the educational growth in China and various opportunities to expand (Dou, Yoo Ma, 2003). The primary results of the china-Australia free trade agreement are the intention of China to get listed in around 77 private higher educational institutions of China on the website of Ministry of Education (Dou, Yoo Ma, 2003). The desire of China for conducting the educational programs can offer some excellent opportunities for educational service providers of Australia (Dou, Yoo Ma, 2003). This report had successfully tried to discuss the possibilities for Australian service providers in China, and what all challenges they face in the China. Strong recommendations at improving and mitigate the issues is also offered. Analysis Review the Literature and Industry Publications What are the main Opportunities for the Firm in China/region in China? China is the largest export market for the educational services within Australia. It accounts for around AUD4 billion worth of investment by the year 2013, and this investment is highly protected (Mahesh, Ford Latour, 2003). The FTA had offered the unimportant benefits to the educational providing companies of Australia by adding government named websites, but again this site is the core channel that exists for the students to select the educational preparation institution for studying abroad and this website is quite trusted (Mahesh, Ford Latour, 2003). This website includes around 77 organizations, which are added in the previous 105 institutions of Australia (Mahesh, Ford Latour, 2003). In fact, it is noted that around 90% of the students in China are studying in Australia, selected from the provider list, placed on the website of Ministry (Mahesh, Ford Latour, 2003). It is most likely to offer the enhanced exposure, and finally, students demand to the educational providers in Australia (Mahesh, Ford Latour, 2003). While Australia is known as one of the countries, which spends less on the training and research by the year 2013, and the ratio was around 0.44% of the total GDP dedicated to research; China is heavily investing in the work of investigation (Mahesh, Ford Latour, 2003). The GDP of China devote to the education had also enhanced by 3.93% in the year 2011 and the same increased up to 4.15% by the year 2014. The China is also working towards upgrading the system of technical training and its programs too. Recently, Chain had announced the three-year action plan for promoting the professional and technical training (Pavlou Chai, 2002). Just like, most of the universities of the world, China too is planning to enhanced the global students towards international recognition (Pavlou Chai, 2002). The government of China, for the benefit of Australian education providers, had come up with 10-year plan to enhance the number of global students from 265090 in the year 2010 to around 5 lakh by 2020 (Pavlou Chai, 2002). The aim of these programs is to enhance the diploma and degree students over the period (Pavlou Chai, 2002). It is true that universities in Australia are highly concern about the impact of the rising of universities in China, which will later on demand for the Australian courses because the students of China account for around 30% of the global student population of Australia (P avlou Chai, 2002). China is considered as the largest educational service market from Australia, having a value of $4 billion between the years 2013-14 (Misko, Liu, Jiang, Wu Wang, 2005). The Chinese and Australian government had approved to work in coordination towards enhancing the recruitment and marketing opportunities for the educational institutions of Australia in China (Misko, Liu, Jiang, Wu Wang, 2005). Along with this, both China and Australia students and teachers exchange their knowledge, and offer Australians with the cultural and language skills, to engage meaningfully with China (Misko, Liu, Jiang, Wu Wang, 2005). The government of Australia is also highly committed to improving the reputation of Australia for offering quality education and work towards every Australian education institution for the purpose of increasing the opportunities, which are presented through the high demand for the educational services within China (Misko, Liu, Jiang, Wu Wang, 2005). The agreement of China has listed within study abroad website, including round 77 Australian private educational institutions, and the country had successfully gained the excellent results, due to the quality as well as the reputation of the Australian education (Misko, Liu, Jiang, Wu Wang, 2005). It also clearly depicts the high in the context of China for the robust regulatory framework of Australia (Misko, Liu, Jiang, Wu Wang, 2005). China had also approved towards discussing the services and programs offered to Australian students in China (Misko, Liu, Jiang, Wu Wang, 2005). What are the Challenges for the Firm in China? With the rise in international trade, the global economy as well as the globalization of English usage more, Chinese are accepting students from abroad, to gain the understanding about the intercultural, for obtaining the personal independence, as well as to attain the goals of individual academic (Mazzarol Soutar, 1999). Students of Australia are the highest source of abroad students coming in China (Mazzarol Soutar, 1999). One the fundamental reason for the Chinese universities to accept students from overseas is to enhance their English competence as well as to improve the communicative ability with others (Mazzarol Soutar, 1999). But at the same time, Australian companies face a challenge in the China, as the use of English language is less and the intercultural issues still exist (Mazzarol Soutar, 1999). One of the impacts of the increase in globalization of the English language is the significant rise in the various interaction between intercultural (Mazzarol, Soutar, Smart Choo, 2001). More and more people are getting involved in the communication with the communities and foreigners, which had raised multicultural and multilingual issues (Mazzarol, Soutar, Smart Choo, 2001). In result of the international trend, Australian education services are getting more and more populated with the enormous diversity of the students coming from different countries around the world, including the Australian students as the high global student population in China (Mazzarol, Soutar, Smart Choo, 2001). Despite of the Australian students prominence in Chinese universities, the previous studies had revealed that students of Australia faced issues in China, because Chinese prefer to get mix with the people of their same community, instead of interacting with the students coming from different cultu ral backgrounds (Mazzarol, Soutar, Smart Choo, 2001). Garnaut (2010) had analyzed that Chinese native language and culture create influence on both the verbal as well as nonverbal communication on the students of Australia in China, as Chinese cannot interact in English correctly and they try to use their native Chinese language (Garnaut 2010). From both the interview and survey conducted with the Australian student immigrants in China, it is explored that both the nonverbal and verbal communication is profoundly embodied with the customs and cultural values (Lin, 2005). It is pointed that both the culture and background of China impacts the Australian way of life and sometimes it do create miscommunication and challenges in the new environment of living (Lin, 2005). It is specifically discussed that it might create influence through the variation in social status, opportunities of work, the approach used in the academic study, verbal and nonverbal communications, and recreation when Australian students study within the new cultural com munity (Liu, 2003). The non-native language acquisition through the immigrant is considered as culture-orientation (Luo, 2002). It is true that more one is ready to embrace the culture, the more one can tune towards the language of culture, and in the result of that one can quickly become competent with the language (James, Ma, Hooke Larden, 2005). Segmentation Strategy In China, private kindergarten, secondary and primary schools are going to China, and they provide the supplement English training to all the people between the ages of 2-18. These areas are developed and marketed with the interactive learning tools, which are mainly designed to provide a supplement to the previous textbooks of China and get involved in the products of electronic learning. Particularly, the segment of training education, includes K12 tutoring, childhood education as well as vocational training, both personal and corporate, are considered as the key driver of expansion in coming time. Australian educational service also focuses on online education segment that includes content sharing as well as associated derivatives as the critical trends for development. The content production profit point exist in the real teaching content. Australian educational services also emphasize over the China international education cooperative sector, which is divided into three categori es, such as the jointly managed department of China and Australia, jointly administered schools of China and Australia, and cooperative programs between China and Australia. Cooperative education segment of China and Australia is matured in the segment of higher education that penetrates in all the three categories. Evaluate and Recommendations Recommended for International Internet Marketing for Australian Education Services in China In the modern time internet is one of the primary media for marketing the product or services in the international market (James, Ma, Hooke Larden, 2005). In various areas, the internet is the best source for communicating with the customers (James, Ma, Hooke Larden, 2005). In the case of marketing the product and services of Australian education services in the Chinese market, the internet can be used as a best medium in contacting students and in informing them about the courses and programs going in different Chinese universities (James, Ma, Hooke Larden, 2005). As per the agreement between the Australian and Chinese education sector, students from Australia can study in Chain, due to the present of various educational opportunities over there (Hayhoe Qiang, 2004). Through online marketing, consumer demands could be easily understood, as there can be direct interaction between the educational providers and students (Binsardi Ekwulugo, 2003). In the present time, many Australian companies are coming up with different educational programs at various cost and facilities and customers can select them, as per their interest and budget (Binsardi Ekwulugo, 2003). Through internet market, it becomes easier to modify the product and service as per the demands of the customers (Binsardi Ekwulugo, 2003). In the world of social media, it has become easier to promote the products at the different platform by using Google ads, social media ads, etc. (Binsardi Ekwulugo, 2003). Social media has become an integral part of the education sector in both Australia and young Chinese generation (Bremner, Hibbard, Rosenbush Green, 2005). Using social platforms like Weibo, one can easily sell their products and services as the part of the digital marketing strategy within China (Bremner, Hibbard, Rosenbush Green, 2005). The education providers take benefit of all these online communication channels. The educational providers can facilitate the group chats, which relates to courses, college, and universities, which are effective (Bremner, Hibbard, Rosenbush Green, 2005). Direct interaction with the students over the platform of social media si efficient. It can be considered as an excellent opportunity to efficiently disseminate the content in China market, which could be shared with many users (Bremner, Hibbard, Rosenbush Green, 2005). It is important to take proper time, in understanding how this network should work, and operate over the various digital landscape (Bremner, Hibbard, Rosenbush Green, 2005). The internet marketing ways can help in boosting the different functions like gaming, messenger, e-wallet, micro-stores, and social network (Boone, 2006). The internet marketing strategies can easily employ and transferred (Bremner, Hibbard, Rosenbush Green, 2005). Various educational providers are adopting it and marketing their products and services (Bremner, Hibbard, Rosenbush Green, 2005). References Binsardi, A Ekwulugo, F. (2003). International marketing of British education: research on the students' perception and the UK market penetration. Marketing Intelligence Planning, 21(5), 1-6. Boone, J. (2006). Decline in Chinese student numbers seen as permanent Asian powerhouse is pouring resources into its own university system. Financial Times Bremner, B, Hibbard, J, Rosenbush, S Green, H. (2005). There's more where Baidu came from. Businessweek Dou, W, Yoo, B, Ma, L. (2003). Consumer patronage of ethnic portals. International Marketing Review, 20(6), 1-5. Garnaut, R. 2010. Australian opportunities through the Chinese structural transformation.The Australian Economic Review, 4(4), 1-5. Hayhoe, R Qiang, Z. (2004). Becoming world class: Chinese universities facing globalisation and internationalisation. Harvard China Review, 5(1), 1-7. James, P, Ma, T, Hooke, A Larden, D. (2005). Transnational trials, tribulations and translationTaming the tiger! Proceedings of Breaking Down Barriers Conference. Adelaide: Open and Distance Learning Association of Australia Lin, J. (2005). Internet: China internet plays point way to success with customization. Hong Kong Media Journal, 3, 1-7 Liu, Y. (2003). Firm-based training. China: Central Institute for Vocational Technical Education Luo, Y. (2002). Partnering with foreign firms: How do Chinese managers view the governance and importance of contracts? Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19(1), 1-6. Mahesh, N., Ford, J, Latour, M. (2003). Cultural Dimensions of Switching Behavior in Importer-Exporter Relationships. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 1, 1-13. Mazzarol, T Soutar, G. (1999). Sustainable competitive advantage for educational institutions: a suggested model. The International Journal of Educational Management, 13(6), 1-13. Mazzarol, T, Soutar, G, Smart, D Choo, S. (2001). Perceptions, information and choice: Understanding how Chinese students select a country for overseas study. Australian Education International Misko, J, Liu, J, Jiang, D, Wu, Q Wang Z. (2005). Linking vocational education and training with industry in Australia and China. China: National Centre for Vocational Education Research Pavlou, P. Chai, L. (2002). What Drives Electronic Commerce Across Cultures? A Cross-Cultural Empirical Investigation of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 3 (4), 240-253.

Dehydration and Gas Chromatography of Methylcyclohexanols Essay Example

Dehydration and Gas Chromatography of Methylcyclohexanols Essay The experimental confirmation of the Evelyn Effect was performed in this report. This effect, first described by David Todd of Pomona College in 1994, describes the formation of 1-methylcyclohexene and 3-Methylcyclohexene (structures shown below) derived from the dehydration and distillation of a mixture of cis-2-methylcyclohexanol and trans-2-methylcyclohexanol (structures shown below) when reacted with phosphoric acid.Figure 1. Stereochemical Structures of Methylcyclohexanols.This reaction was carried out according to the following mechanisms.Figure 2. Reaction Mechanism of Dehydration of cis/trans-2-methcylohexanol Mixture.Procedure150 mmol (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 18.419 g) of 2-methylcyclohexanol (cis trans mixture) was placed into a 50 mL round bottom flask. Mixed in this flask was 5 mL of 85% phosphoric acid, 3 drops of sulfuric acid (to quicken reaction), and a few acid resistant boiling chips. A simple apparatus for distillation was assembled and two 10 mL graduated cylinders were use d to collect the distillate.The contents of the 50 mL round bottom flask were gently brought to a boil and the temperature of the vapor was approximately 115 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. The rate of heating/boiling was controlled so that the rate of collection in the first 10 mL graduated cylinder was approximately 1 drop per second. When the contents of the distillate in the 10 mL graduated cylinder reached approximately 8 mL in volume the first 10 mL graduated cylinder was removed and a second clean 10 mL graduated cylinder was put in its place to collect an addition 6 mL of distillate.The first distillate product was the transferred to a clean seperatory funnel and washed with 5 mL of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The aqueous layer was drained off and the organic distillate product was washed with 5 mL of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate for a second time. The aqueous layer was then drained off and the organic distillate layer was collected and saved for gas chromatographic analysi s. This procedure was repeated for the second distillate sample.A small portion of magnesium sulfate was then added to each organic distillate sample in order to remove any remaining water in the sample. The mixtures of organic distillate and magnesium sulfate were then filtered through gravity filtration to remove the magnesium sulfate from the organic distillate.Gas chromatographic analysis was then performed individually on each organic distillate sample in order to obtain a distinct gas chromatogram for each sample.DataTable 1. Experimental Calculations and Data.Sample Weight DataMolecular Mass of 2-methyl-cyclohexanolReagent Volume Use CalculationFigure 3. Organic Distillate Gas Chromatograms*.Organic Distillate Sample 1Organic Distillate Sample 2*Arrow indicates 1-methylcyclohexene calculated from standard gas chromatograph of pure 1-methylcyclohexene with retention time of 2.6 minutes.Table 2. Organic Distillate Gas Chromatograph Calculations.Organic Distillate Sample 1 Area and Retention Time CalculationsOrganic Distillate Sample 1 Total Area% Composition of Constituents in Organic Distillate Sample 1Organic Distillate Sample 2 Area and Retention Time CalculationsOrganic Distillate Sample 2 Total Area% Composition of Constituents in Organic Distillate Sample 2Table 3. Automatic Gas Chromatograph Data.Gas Chromatograph Model Number350ColumnCarbowax 8 x .25Cover GasHelium (He)Set Temperature50 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CColumn Temperature50 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CDetector TypeTCDDetector Temperature100 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CFlowrateà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 40 mL/minInjection Volume4 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½LTable 4. Physical and Chemical Properties of Reagents.M.W.B.P.d12-methylcyclohexanola114.2 amu166 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C0.9301-methylcyclohexene96.2 amu110 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C0.8133-methylcyclohexene96.2 amu104 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C0.801Phosphoric acid (85%)98.0 amu1.70ResultsThe results and experimental calculations seem to correlate directly to the confirmation of the existence of the Evelyn Effect. This is evident as the forma tion of 1-methycyclohexene decreased from sample one to sample two at a rate of 19.7225% while the formation of the products increased from sample one to sample two at a rate of 19.7225%.DiscussionThe Evelyn Effect, as predicted by David Todd in 1994, appears to be supported by the evidence accumulated in this experiment (see results section). The dehydration of the mixture of cis/trans-2-methylcyclohexanol isomers forms two direct products along with water as a byproduct of the removal of the hydroxyl group from the 2-carbon position of cis/trans-2-methylcyclohexanol. As the reaction proceeds cis-2-methylcyclohexanol reacts first with phosphoric acid to form 1-methylcyclohexene in greater quantity than the byproducts of the reaction of the trans isomer of 2-methylcyclohexanol. This conclusion is confirmed by the indication in the gas chromatogram of a higher percent composition of the 1-methylcyclohexene than 3-methylcyclohexene (55%;35%). In the gas chromatogram of sample two 3-me thcyclohexene is in higher concentration (44%;64%). This seems to infer that trans-2-methylcyclohexanol reacts slower than the cis isomer of the same molecule. All of this information directly points to the existence of the Evelyn Effect.Error was a substantial issue during the calculations of the areas of the different compound spikes as shown on the gas chromatogram. The unlabeled compound spike in the chromatogram of organic distillate two has a peak but very little downward slope is shown. This lack of slope caused significant error in calculating the exact area underneath of the spike in which to obtain measurements for use in the calculation of spike area.Even accounting for this error, however, it seems unlikely that this jeopardized the validity of the experimental results. While the product yields were significantly lower than those predicted by Todd the results were significant enough in order to see the appearance of the Evelyn Effect.Furthermore examining the physical/ch emical properties of both 1-methylcyclohexene and 3-methylcyclohexene it is apparent that 1-methylcyclohexene is slightly more stable than 3-methylcyclohexene. This property can be deduced by examining the boiling points of the two isomers. The boiling point of 1-methylcyclohexene is 110 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C while the boiling point of 3-methylcyclohexene is slightly lower at 104 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. The slightly larger amount of heat energy required to boil 1-methcycyclohexene (6 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) than 3-methylcyclohexene shows that the latter is slightly more stable. In this context it becomes apparent that 3-methylcyclohexene is more apt to convert to 1-methylcyclohexene; the more stable of the two isomers.

Cool Hand Luke (Movie) Essays - English-language Films, Free Essays

Cool Hand Luke (Movie) Essays - English-language Films, Free Essays Cool Hand Luke (Movie) Never Say Die! Of all the films that were released in 1967 few had the power and stamina of displaying detailed characterizations in the manner of which 'Cool Hand Luke' did. Its strong message of individuality was a welcomed choice in the 20th centurys most turbulent decade, which of course were the 1960's. Based on the novel by Donn Pearce and adapted for the screen by Pearce and Frank R. Pierson and Oscar nominated for Screenplay Adaptation, 'Cool Hand Luke' opens with a lazy and most effective scene showing Luke Jackson cutting the heads off of parking meters in a drunken haze in the confines of a small southern town. Promptly picked up by the police and sentenced to two years for maliciously destroying public property while under the influence, Luke is transported to a prison camp led by a character named Dragline. Dragline rules with an iron fist over the gang but manages to maintain many friends and constantly earns the respect of his fellow prisoners. The scene in which Luke is brought to prison sets the tone for the entire film as director Stuart Rosenberg sternly outlines the disciplinary policy of the facilitys captain (Strother Martin) and its guards whom the prisoners are told to refer to as 'boss'. Luke's mission is to immediately challenge Dragline for leadership of the gang and a conflicting scene involving a boxing match between the two puts Luke on good terms with the other prisoners and the guards themselves also notice this. Dragline ends up becoming Luke's friend and protector and the film becomes a series of rebellious acts executed by Luke. One somber and heartfelt scene has Luke in contact with his mother who comes to visit him and she is dying, presumably of lung cancer as we see her coughing and chain-smoking her way to the grave. He refers to his mother on a first name basis and the scene has a further impression later in the film as Luke comes to terms with her death. It's one of Newman's finest moments on film. 'Cool Hand Luke' is easily recognizable as social commentary but it also has a sense of humor and knows how to be entertaining on a general level. This is shown in the film's most classic scene, the egg-eating contest. Luke challenges the disbelievers in the camp into proving he can eat fifty hardboiled eggs in one hour and every cent in camp rides on his bet. The talented cast of 'Cool Hand Luke' includes such character actors as J.D. Cannon, Lou Antonio, Jo Van Fleet, Wayne Rogers, Ralph Waite, Harry Dean Stanton and a very young looking Dennis Hopper. Director Stuart Rosenberg's heavy handed direction is appropriate for this film which creates a clandestine environment of prison abuse and prisoner defiance and leaves the audience with many questions of whether prison reforms or give its convicts the impression that for every violent action, there can be an act of equally violent reaction.

Evolution of the resort design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evolution of the resort design - Essay Example This building actually acts as the springboard of testing the polychrome revised architecture in the evolution of Resort design .It is a good example of the great inner geometric application and new syntax. This is accompanied by the variations in a number of its structures that were built with great floor plan which gives it a multifaceted cultural background with great space utilization techniques. Deeper scrutiny of the building exposes a combination of a variety of techniques with patterns that are in line with the organization of different apartments that constitute it (Gargiani, Le Corbusier, Rossellini & Piccolo 32). In contrast to other similar buildings where color is merely a tool for articulating and modifying space, Worawia Holiday Haven Resort marks the paradigm shift in use of color from form to independence and revelation of a new social dimension of color. Across the globe there are a number of artistic works that marks the history of such places and defines the socia l, political and economic environment that existed before. In other words, history is traced trough some of these artistic works that include unique architectural designs on landscapes, monuments, pillars and other archival sculptures. It is important to discuss the individual artists concerning their contribution on the history of the arts an in that respect one great Greek artist APOLLODORUS of Damascus who is credit with a number of historic architectural items in the world. He was a Damascus-born Greek who became one of the greatest engineer and architect at the height of the rule of Roman Empire where he worked. Below is Worawia Holiday Haven Resort floor plan with a Lodge (Dormitory) building, one large Family bungalow, three standard bungalows, Reception building with carpark, swimming pool with swim-up pool bar, and barbecue hut by the pool. photo : Agostino Calandrino Other examples include Renaissance Barcelona Fira Hotel, Spain - 17 Sep 2013 Design: Ateliers Jean Nouvel T he tower's facade is bright white on the south, west and east elevations in order to reduce solar gain due to exposure to the sun. The north facade is matt black to help it absorb as much solar radiation as possible during the short time it is exposed to the sun. It is one of the pieces of work with outstanding interior design. Theories and philosophies There are various theoretical concepts that are spoken by the structure itself once it is constructed. Design of resorts captures the space factor which is increasingly becoming scarce in most residential sites. There has been an increasing cases of setting up buildings in a way that the blend with the topography of the site and the cultural affiliation of the immediate society. Various architecture scientists attest to the fact that the contemporary society strives to spare any little space and maximize the allocated site with an expansive interior and relatively slim exterior. It is important to note that any sensitive architectura l creation must incorporate the important influence of image to the public when designing a house. Quality of design in massing proportions and architectural language will be a

Alzheimer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alzheimer - Essay Example The results also explain the various findings of the study as related to the possible factors that contributed to the occurrence of Alzheimer’s disease: use of anesthetics, neurotic personalities or an inability to handle and manage stress, the occurrence of obesity, incidence of depression, and physical inactivity. The discussion gives detailed effects that the disease brings to the people as well as their complications. Finally, the conclusion gives the recommendations and additional information concerning the management of the disease. The problem of the research relates to the people affected by the disease and at what age. The effects the disease creates on the affected individuals, the economy, and the government. In recent years, over 5 million Americans were suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. After attaining the age of 60, most people started to show symptoms of the disease. This could mean that the risk of being infected increases with age. Younger individuals could also get the disease, but on rare occasions. It is important for people to determine their risk factors, in order to prevent themselves from acquiring the disease. This is because other researchers project that the number of infections could rise significantly in the future (Wimo & prince, 2010). The paper shows that age is the main risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. The prevalence of the disease is analyzed and its fatality rate. The disease affects the caregivers psychologically. It is costly for the government to provide medication and treatment services to the infected person. The disease infects a large number of older women as compared to men. The paper discusses the physical effects of the disease in the elderly. Alzheimer’s disease affects the brain in a progressive manner. It could be fatal for the cells of the brain. It interferes with the memory capacity of the brain and affects the normal thinking of a person. If the affected

Book review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Book review - Essay Example ‘Still alive’ opposes all the simple assumption about history. Kluger’s experience was a popular when produced in the creative German, gaining a big status and technical acclaim. The Holocaust survivor had spent her time in three concentration camps as a young teenager; she was helped by her mother to translate her book into other language versions in order for the whole world to read about her story. Her mother got her first book accidentally and translated it in English and this was after kluger’s friend sends the book to her as a gift. Luckily her story of Vienna’s darkest hour did not fail. She tried to remember her childhood memories, where she creates a tale equal to the miseries that the entire human nature is able to do. Keen to her step-by-step experiences has opened the entire women fraternity the knowledge about their abilities and rights in the current global existence. Her face off with conflicts never ended with frustrations as a young Jew in Vienna, neither the brutality of the Theresienstadt and Auschwitz-Birkenau camps nor the university institutions in German. This is where her state of a being female was heavily undermined in the male superior society. Conflicts accompanied her to the post-war New York, where she was criticized by the earlier generation of immigrants for her opposition to adopt the American culture Kluger in her life she faced the negative side of the real life situation but her intellectual love made her appreciate anything that occurred. This acted as her survival tool during those times. This one of the best reason to compel one to read the Still Alive story of Kluger. Here is when she goes by her opinion of identity creation from which she perceives her way into the life. This should be a driving force for women to venture into life situations without fear. In her book, ‘Unterwegs Verloren a story line that can take readers to a young

The Low Cost Airline Air Asia

The Low Cost Airline Air Asia The low-cost concept became a moneymaker in the United States, where it was pioneered in the 1970s by Southwest Airlines, the model for budget carriers elsewhere like Ryanair and easyJet in Europe. Definition of low cost airlines A low cost airline generally has many features that differentiate it from the traditional carriers. These features include ticketless travel, online ticket sales, no international offices, no frequent flyer points, no free food and beverages, no inflight magazines, no club lounges, use of secondary city airports. Not all low cost airlines have these features, and not all airlines that have some of these features are low cost airlines. For example, Virgin Express is a low cost airline, but it still offers complimentary coffee and inflight magazine, and they are based at Brussels primary airport. Case Study-AirAsia Story of AirAsia Air Asia, as the second Malaysian National Airline, provides a totally different type of service in line with the nations aspirations to benefit all citizens and worldwide travellers. Such service takes the form of a no frills low airfares flight offering, 40%-60% lower than what is currently offered in this part of Asia. Their vision is Now Everyone Can Fly and their mission is to provide Affordable Airfares without any compromise to Flight Safety Standards. The story of emergence of AirAsia is similar to Ryanair, since both carriers underwent a remarkable transformation from a money-losing regional operator to a profitable, low cost airline. AirAsia was initially launched in 1996 as a full-service regional airline offering slightly cheaper fares than its main competitor, Malaysia Airlines. Before 2001, AirAsia fail to either sufficiently stimulate the market or attract enough passengers from Malaysia Airlines to establish its own niche market. The turnaround point of AisAsia is in 2001, while it was up to sale and bought by Tony Fernandes. Tony Fernandes then enrolled some of the lending low-cost airline experts to restructure AirAsias business model. He invited Connor McCarthy, the former director of group operation of Ryanair, to join the executive team. In late 2001, AirAsia was re-launched in Malaysia as a trendy, no-frills operation with three B737 aircraft as a low-fare, low-cost domestic airline. Opportunities faced by AirAsia in light of external development Low fare of Indonesia-Malaysia trip The fare for a Jakarta-Johor Baru trip costs Rp 100,000 (RM 88.88 one way). And charge Rp 150,000 for a Bandung-Kuala Lumpur flight, and Rp 300,000 for a Surabaya-Kuala Lumpur trip, whereas a Jakarta-Kuala Lumpur air ticket from Malaysia Airlines available at travel agents cost Rp 1.4 million. Meanwhile, Lion Air on the same route, charged Rp 1.05 million. The low fare provided by AirAsia helps it open the Indonesia market. Low fare of Singapore-Bangkok service AirAsia will increase its services between Singapore Bangkok by introducing a 2nd daily flight to its existing schedule. This recent development came barely a month after Thai AirAsia operations started its first international flight to Singapore in early February this year. AirAsia is offering its guests promotional fares to/from Singapore- Bangkok from SGD$23.99 (THB 499) one way from the 28th March to 30th Oct, 2004. It is much lower than the lowest fare SGD$56 offered by full-service carrier. This helps it open the Singapore market. Political connections AirAsia hold 49% of Thai AirAsia with 1% being held by a Thai individual. The remaining 50% is held by Shin Corp. which is owned by the family of Thailands prime minister, Thaksin Shinawatra. Shin Corp. has financial strength, synergy in ingormation technology and telecommunications, which support AirAsia Internet and mobile phone bookings. Shin Corp. allows subscribers of the Shin mobile phone flagship, Advanced Information Service, being able to reserve tickets through its short-messaging service (SMS). AirAsia with its politically powerful backer may well grow up to bite. This helps it open the Thailand market. Malaysian government support The Malaysian government supported the establishment of AirAsia in 2001 to help boost the under-used Kuala Lumpur International Airport. AirAsias flights from Senai are meant to develop Johor into a transport hub to rival Singapore. AirAsia, therefore, can provide an alternative route to travel to Bangkok, by using Senai Airport in Johor Bahru, in southern Malaysia. Opportunities faced by AirAsia in light of internal development Issue of IPO Kamarudin Meranun, AirAsias Executive Director announced the appointment of Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB) and RHB Sakura Merchant Bankers (RHB) as the bookrunners for the companys upcoming Initial Public Offering (IPO). The IPO strengthens AirAsia balance sheet, further cuts its existing low costs at 2.5 US cents per ASK and accelerates our growth plans throughout Asia. The IPO also allows AirAsia to expand its fleet of 18 Boeing 737-300s. Political connections Thai AirAsia is a join venture established by AirAsia with Shin Corp. Shin Corp. is owned by the family of Thailands prime minister, Thaksin Shinawatra, and about 900 million baht will be invested in Thai AirAsia over a five-year period. Shin Corp. oversees the finance and administration of Thai AirAsia while AirAsia shoulders the responsibility for marketing and operations. Shin Corp. has financial strength and supports AirAsia to grow. AirAsia with its politically powerful backer may well grow up to bite. Challenges faced by AirAsia in light of external development Indonesian habit Preferences of Indonesian passengers are quite different from the concept of cheap air travel without extra service for the passengers (free snacks and drinks), and also their reluctance to bring light baggage. AirAsia prefers passengers with very light and minimum baggage. If this is the case, it may not last long. But Indonesian domestic airline companies are able to provide value-added extras like food and beverages as part of their service to the passengers, although at a relatively higher cost. The comparative edge of Indonesian domestic airline companies compared to AirAsia concerns habit (culture). Furthermore, Indonesian domestic airlines were already trained with the low-cost air travel concept, known as tariff war. They have proved themselves as immune, and managed to survive. Last but not least, the Indonesian government or domestic airline companies had never announced the availability of a low-cost airline company of the country. All these affect AirAsia growth in Indonesia. Singapore government rejection Initially, AirAsia wanted to start flights from the southern state of Johor, near Singapore, it hoped to attract passengers by running a convenient bus service to the city-state. However, Singapore quickly quashed that idea. The Singapore government said it would not approve a bus link for AirAsia because it was not in her national interest, reflecting fears that Singapores Changi airport would lose business to Johors new Senai airport. This makes AirAsia cannot abandon the use of Changi airport, and therefore suffer from a higher cost. This is because AirAsia flying to Singapore needs to suffer from flight congestion of Changi. Changi has drawbacks of flight congestion that could prevent the quick turnarounds essential to keeping down costs. AirAsia finds it stuck between big planes and circling to wait for a slot to open up, which means extra fuel costs. Moreover, the SGD$21 departure and security tax of Changi is too high for AirAsia low-cost operation. AirAsia had asked the Singapore government to waive the fees, however, a request that was not only rejected but also criticized. Besides Singapore Bangkok, AirAsia now provides an alternative route to travel to Bangkok, by using Senai Airport in Johor Bahru, in southern Malaysia. Seeking to cater to the different markets, fares for Johor Bahru- Bangkok are generally 20 % lower in comparison to Singapore Bangkok. AirAsia currently operate daily flights to Bangkok from Johor Bahru. However, the choice proved unpopular, as the route failed to attract Singaporeans because of the additional cost and inconvenience of having to travel in and out of Malaysia by road. All these affect AirAsia external growth. Minimum air-fare rates AirAsia faces challenges finding open takeoff and landing slots at opportune times, and Thailands regulation that sets minimum air-fare rates. Although Transport Minister Suriya Jungrungreangkit said the current minimum air-fare regulations will be scrapped to open up the market, he couldnt name a date when this will be done. This seems to be favoritism toward Thai Airways Internationals domestic operations, and affects Thai AirAsia to compete in the Thailand market. External Changes which have impact on AirAsia Asias middle class growth Low cost airlines are anticipated to have greater potential in Asia as there are many Asian cities with a population above one million people each as well as a rising middle class population. This growth of middle class in Asia provides a huge market potential for AirAsia to grow. However, as the market is becoming larger, more airlines or new comers would like to get a piece of the action. For example, Budget airlines, it is estimated, will capture at least 25% of Asias air travel market within next 10 years and a lot of that will be new, not diverted, traffic. Therefore, AirAsia will face more competitions at the same time. Besides the low cost airlines, AirAsia still needs to compete with the conventional carriers. Although extra passengers of the low cost airlines will be coming from the new demand to be created by the low fares, the growth may not be entirely stolen from big flag carriers. Actions of Changi and nearby airports The growth of low cost airlines in south-east Asia has a significant effect on which airports will dominate the regional aviation market. Low cost airlines are seen as helping funnel more passengers to airport hubs. Therefore, there is a realization among regional governments that they need smashing airports and feisty carriers or they are going to miss out big time. Therefore, these governments are more willing to support low cost airlines. For example, the Malaysian government supported the establishment of AirAsian in 2001 to help boost the under-used Kuala Lumpur International Airport, and Thai premiers Shin Corp. forms a join venture with AirAsia that would benefit Bangkoks new airport and create a new hub at Chiang Mai. Therefore, under this situation, it helps AirAsia grow in Asia. Moreover, as there is a growth of several south-east Asian airports, this poses a challenge to the status of Singapores Changi airport as a regional aviation hub. These airports include Johors new Senai airport in southern Malaysia, Bangkoks new Suvarnabhumi airport which will be able to handle 45 million passengers when it opens in 2005, Bangkok Don Muang which recently overtook Changi in passenger numbers, etc. To maintain Changis position as the air hub in the region, Singapore is proposing a budget airline terminal at Changi by 2005 and lower passenger taxes to attract low cost airlines. This helps AirAsia grow and lower the cost. Actions of existing airlines The existing airlines in south-east Asia have several actions to compete with AirAsia, for example, some have launched a low cost airline to fight with AirAsia. Singapore Airlines launched a low cost airline subsidiary, Tiger Airways, in the second half of 2003, only months after the scheduled launch of ValuAir set up by one of its former executives. Orient Thai Airlines launched a new low cost airline subsidiary, One-To-Go. One-To-Go operates with a fleet of six Boeing 757-200s and match any fares that Thai AirAsia offers. Thai Airways have frequency and capacity to offer to their 13 domestic destinations. They also have, during the past two years, worked to improve operational efficiency, slashing unprofitable domestic routes, increasing flights on busy routes, strengthening yield management and controlling costs. All these make AirAsia face a huge competition. Critical success factors in the Low cost airlines in Asia Reduction in operational cost Low cost airlines strive to achieve the lowest possible price for their products and services. Low prices cannot sustain unless the company maximizes its operational efficiency. The success factors of Asian low cost airlines in reducing their operational cost include: Service savings (no frills cabin service and extensive use of outsourcing) NO-frills include: NO drinks, NO food, NO headphones, NO newspapers, NO movies, NO VIP lounges, NO expensive offices, NO mileage programs, NO seat allocation, NO childrens fares, NO paper tickets (Electronic tickets only), NO connecting flights (All flight-legs must be booked independently) Operational savings (point-to-point services and uniform fleet) Overhead savings (internet sales and streamlined bureaucracy) We can compare the operational cost in terms of costs per available seat kilometer (ASK), a measure of the running cost of the airline. For instance, Ryanair in Europe is almost half of the ASK price comparing with the full services airline. The average fare offered by Air Asia in Malaysia is 40-60 % lower than its full-service competitor. Competitive Ticket price against traditional full-service airline Low cost airlines begins with two initial cost advantages arising from the very nature of their operation: higher seating density and higher daily aircraft utilization. By removing business class and reconfiguring their aircraft, low cost airlines can increase the number of seats on their aircraft. Seat pitch of a low cost airline is usually 28 inches, compared to a traditional conventional economy class pitch with 32 inches. Doganis (2001) calculates that should be able to operate at seat cost that are only 40-50 % those of mainline rival. Combining the load factor benefit and beneficial distribution cost, low cost airlines cost per passenger can reduce price by one-third of conventional airline. Flying out of secondary airports Many low-cost airlines keep expenses down by flying out of secondary airports, avoiding major hubs where takeoff and landing fees are much higher while still getting passengers close enough to their destinations. The travel distance is short As the routes offered by low cost airlines are mainly short, domestic routes which may only take one to two hours, travellers might be fine with no amenities on flights Success factors in AirAsia Absolute Cost Advantage Low cost per average seat kilometer AirAsia focused on ensuring a competitive cost structure as its main business strategy. It has been able to achieve a cost per average seat kilometer (ASK) of 2.5 cents, half that of Malaysia Airlines and Ryanair and a third that of EasyJet. AirAsia can lease the B737-300s aircraft at a very competitive market rates due to the harsh global market conditions for the second-hand aircrafts because of the September 11th event in 2001. On the other hand, the operating cost of the company is also dropped drastically. Low distribution cost AirAsia focus on Internet bookings and ticketless travel allowed it to lower the distribution cost. Attractive ticket price With the average fare being 40-60 % lower than its full-service competitor, AirAsia has been able to achieve strong market stimulation in the domestic Malaysian air market (Thomas 2003). For instance, the fare for the trip from Kuala Lumpur to Penang on AirAsia starts from 39 ringgit. Comparing to trip by bus charge 40 ringgit and 80 ringgit by car. The effect of attractive low fare is more travelers switching from bus to air, similar case as Ryanair in Europe. Good Management Team AirAsia value proposition is more sophisticated than Ryanair placing equal emphasis on brand reputation and customer service/people management, by a senior advisor to AisAsias top management team. AirAsia pursue a Ryanair operational strategy, Southwest people strategy and an Easyjet branding strategy. Weakness Fair availability The availability of AirAsia is not good as traditional airline as it only provide unique aircraft. However, it cannot be the cost leader if it offers customized features or comprehensive support which will result in increasing operational cost. However, focus on a specific customer may avoid straddling. Case of straddling A Japanese low cost airline, Skymark, trying to be everything to everyone targeting the broader customer and offering limited special features (satellite TV, Business class and charter operations). The result is failing to both cost efficient and price competitive rendering it vulnerable to market forces and customer demand (porter1996; Lawton 1999). Major strategic directions recommended Open more Asian market Low cost airlines are anticipated to have greater potential in Asia as there are many Asian cities with a population above one million people each as well as a rising middle class population. It is time for AirAsia to exploit the potentials of affordable air travel by Asias growing middle class. Besides starting services to the Pearl River Delta in south China in 2004, AirAsia can expend its services to the coastal cities in China. Besides the growth of Asian middle class, the liberalization of aviation sector of India is another reason for AirAsia to open more Asian market. The Indian government has liberalized the aviation sector long dominated by the national carriers. Now, only a few low cost airlines, e.g. Air Deccan, Airone Feeder Airline Pvt Ltd, Crescent Air, have launched their services there. Moreover, the national carriers, Indian Airlines or Air India, despite their domination of the Indian skies, do not seem to be much interested in operating low-cost services. Therefore, it is a good chance for AirAsia to open the Indian market. Join venture with Virgin Group AirAsia should put more effort to set up a pan-Asian low cost airline with Virgin Blue, which is a low cost carrier of Virgin Group serving Australia and New Zealand mainly. Virgin Blue has suggested it may extend services to south-east Asia. Therefore, setting up a join venture with Virgin Blue can help AirAsia to grow in Asia even further, and help Virgin Blue to extend services to south-east Asia. Recommendations to maximize competitive advandages of AirAsia 1. Enforce Political advantages AirAsia established a join venture, Thai AirAsia with Shin Corp. Shin Corp. is owned by the family of Thailands prime minister, Thaksin Shinawatra, and about 900 million baht will be invested in Thai AirAsia over a five-year period. Shin Corp. has financial strength, synergy in ingormation technology and telecommunications, which support AirAsia to grow in Thailand. AirAsia with its politically powerful backer can well grow up to bite, and therefore it should enforce such political advantages in order to extend the growth in Thailand. Furthermore, AirAsia should use its Thai subsidiary, Thai AirAsia, to claim the use of Thailands open skies agreements to fly to Singapore, Brunei and Cambodia, overcoming the barrier of bilateral aviation pacts that threatened to limit its growth. Induction of smart cards AirAsia can issue a smart card which is compatible with the existing ticketless booking. It can offer 2 kinds of smart cards. The first kind of smart card, aimed at ordinary travellers, will offer instant rewards when topped up, offering greater value than its purchase price. For example a Bt5,000 card may be worth Bt5,500. The card can also be used by other people with the same family name as the cardholder. The second kind of smart card will offer unlimited travel for frequent flyers. Priced provisionally at Bt20,000, cardholders will be allowed make as many trips as they want within a specified period. Conclusion A study by the Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (2002) confirms that Asia continues to offer attractive conditions for the air transportation industry. With thirteen out of worlds top twenty-five major urban centres located in the Asia Pacific region and a rapidly increasing urbanization trends, the Asian air travel market is bound to continue to grow. Urbanization is highlighted as one of the key drivers for the growth in air travel. It is estimated that Asia would account for 30% of the world market by 2019, or one third of growth between now and then. While the impact of SARS is going to slow down the growth of Asian regional demand, the long-run forecast continues to be very positive. These enable low cost airlines to grow even further.

The Internet and the Future of Communication :: Concept Essays

Even the beginning of the day started bad. I got up late for school and, with my luck had a test first hour. After getting to school and taking the test which seemed to be in a different language, I faced unpleasant customers for five long hours at work. Finally, being able to come home, flip of my shoes and sink my feet into our thick carpet was similar to what heaven must be. Switching into a pair of worn sweats and T-shirt I swiveled into the chair in front of my computer. With a press of a few buttons I called up my E-mail. I had a message from my best friend, Lily. Eagerly I called it up. Seemingly knowing of my bad day, she cheered me up instantly by telling me of her even worse day, after all misery loves company. I typed in a short response and decided to ignore the other mail for now. Just imagine the capability offered to a user, being able to hear from anyone this simply. Maybe a person is at work and decide to write a quick letter. This application is called Electronic Mail, commonly known as E-mail. Similar to the mail system, each user has an address. By putting on the address and typing the message, sending business or personal mail is quick and easy. With more and more computer networks acquiring use to the Internet even more communication will be possible. Information would be only a touch of a key away. So what exactly is the Internet? The Internet is a worldwide web of universities, business, commercial, military and science networks (Laquey 7). The networks function separately but with the Internet they can also function together. All of the information one of the networks supplies (and is willing to give out) is available to all of the other networks. This gives an amazing amount of access to an individual user who is hooked into one of these networks. Individual users, not part of a network, can receive the Internet capabilities by subscribing to a network connected to the Internet. Usually, the networks that supply an Internet connection are commercial. Locally, an example is Prodigy. This is a network, that in itself, provides many resources and can give single users access to the Internet. Personally, Prodigy has created keeping in touch with my friends at college an easier task.